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Cleveland Metropolitan School District (formerly the Cleveland Municipal School District) is a school district that serves almost all of the city of Cleveland in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States.〔"(Shaker Heights City School District )." ''The Plain Dealer''. Sunday April 25, 2010. Retrieved on November 21, 2011. "All of the city of Shaker Heights plus about 1 square mile of Cleveland around Shaker Square. H. The Cleveland portion has been part of the Shaker school district since the 1920s. Its residents pay the same school taxes as Shaker Heights residents and are entitled to use the schools and to vote in school elections."〕 CMSD is the only district in Ohio that is under direct control of the mayor, who appoints a school board. The Cleveland district is the second largest PreK-12 district in the state, with a 2012-2013 enrollment of more than 41,000 students. The mayor was given control of the city schools after a series of elected school boards were deemed ineffective by city voters. The school board appoints a chief executive officer, the equivalent of a district superintendent, who is responsible for district management. The city's school district boasts a graduation rate over 50%, reporting a graduation rate of 56.1% in 2011.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.clevelandmetroschools.org/domain/24 )〕 That same year, 2011,CMSD had a 5 year graduation rate of 63.3%. This 5 year graduation rate increased to 66.1% in the subsequent 2011-2012 school year. In 2009 Cleveland Schools had the nation's third highest high school dropout rate and graduation rate following Detroit with the number one spot. In response to declining enrollment over more than a decade and the corresponding growth in charter schools in the city, the District took several steps to improve academic performance and increase graduation rates. In the 2007–08 school year, the District changed its name to the Cleveland Metropolitan School District to attract students throughout the region.〔.〕 The system passed a $1.2 billion school building construction/replacement bond issue, but repeatedly failed to pass an operating levy for 16 years until 2012. In 2005 and in years following, the system faced large budget shortfalls and repeated possibility of slipping back into "academic emergency" as rated by the Ohio Department of Education. CMSD's test scores showed modest improvement in writing and math scores and little or no improvement in reading scores. The district continued to improve its graduation rate over several years, increasing it from 39.5% in 2002 to over 50% of students graduating in 2004.and over 60% in 2012. The former Chairman of the Board of Education, Robert M. Heard Sr., was appointed July 1, 2007 by Mayor Frank G. Jackson, and CEO's appointed included Barbara Byrd Bennett and Eugene Sanders. Current Board of Education Chair Denise Link, led the board in its current transformation efforts, including the appointment of Eric S. Gordon as Chief Executive Officer in 2011. Under their leadership, CMSD successfully worked for passage of House Bill 525, otherwise known as "The Cleveland Plan", to remove legislative barriers to school reform in Cleveland and to implement a portfolio strategy to: Grow the number of high-performing CMSD and charter schools in Cleveland and close and replace failing schools; Focus CMSD's central office on key support and governance roles and transfer authority and resources to schools; Invest and phase in high-leverage system reforms across all schools from preschool to college and career; and Create the Cleveland Transformation Alliance to ensure accountability for all public schools in the city. Working closely with Mayor Frank G. Jackson and a coalition of concerned citizens throughout the city, Link and Gordon additionally led the district to passage of CMSD's first operating levy in 16 years in November, 2012. Major changes in the District's contract with the Cleveland Teachers Union, together with passage of HB 525 and Issue 107, paved the way in 2012-2013 for the district's most aggressive reform strategies in its history. The District moved its central office in 2013 to its current location at 1111 Superior Ave. E, Cleveland, Ohio 44114. In 2013, Board Chair Denise L. Link won the Green-Garner "Top Urban Educator" Award, the highest honor given by the Council of the Great City Schools for significant contributions to urban schools and students. CEO Eric Gordon was a national finalist for the same award in 2012. ==Demographic history of CMSD== Cleveland was hit hard in the 1960s and early 1970s by white flight and suburbanization, experiencing a long term decline in population since 1950. While the city's total population declined, Cleveland Public Schools' enrollment had increased: 99,686 in 1950, and 134,765 in 1960, and 148,793 in 1963.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Case Western Reserve University )〕 Cleveland Public Schools financially struggled with a growing student population, and a declining tax base due to regional industrial decline and depopulation of the metropolitan and urban areas in favor of the suburbs.〔 After World War II, middle-class jobs and families migrated to the suburbs leaving behind predominantly low-income student enrollment in the Cleveland Public School system.〔 On December 12, 1973, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's Cleveland Chapter filed suit, Reed vs. Rhodes,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Case Western Reserve University )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Case Western Reserve University )〕 against the Cleveland Board of Education in Cleveland's United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio to racially integrate Cleveland Public Schools,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Case Western Reserve University )〕 claiming that the public schools were at least partly at fault for Cleveland's housing segregation into ethnic neighborhoods. Between August 31, 1976〔 and 1984, Chief United States District Judge Frank J. Battisti issued over 4,000 court orders including implementation of forced-busing of Cleveland Public Schools,〔 the case was appealed to the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals, which by 23 Aug. 1979 upheld Battisti's earlier orders,〔 and was later upheld on appeal by the Supreme Court of the United States. Mandatory busing was one of several factors which sped up the migration from out of Cleveland by those who could afford to. The administrative and operational expense of complying with mandatory busing and other federal court orders caused a dramatic increase in overhead expenditures per student, while declining tax revenues resulted in lower expenditures on actually educating public school students.〔 In 1996, Martin Hoke, Cleveland's 10th. District United States House Representative was quoted: "Children are now bused from a predominantly black school on the east side of town to a predominantly black school on the west side of town. More than half a billion dollars has been spent on desegregation activities since 1978-money that could have been used to buy textbooks, upgrade science laboratories or purchase new computers. When kids attend schools miles away from their homes, what working parent is able to attend sporting events, parent-teacher conferences, and home-room parties? Busing has contributed significantly to the decline of our urban centers." The combination of many factors resulted in declining enrollments.〔 Before mandatory busing, in 1976, minority enrollment in Cleveland Public Schools was 58%, by 1994 it was 71%. By 1996, Cleveland Public Schools total enrollment was half of what it was pre-mandatory busing.〔 In 1991, Ohio had a new proficiency test for 9th grade students, which the majority of Cleveland Public Schools students did not pass.〔 By 1994, almost 50% of the system's students were failing to graduate from high school.〔 Meanwhile, many ''graduates'' did not qualify for ''entry-level'' jobs,〔 with many employers increasingly requiring secondary or post-secondary degrees 〔 due to more information technology-related jobs and other changes in the overall economy. In March 1994, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's Cleveland Chapter, Reed vs. Rhodes plaintiff, challenged the fairness of the Ohio 9th. grade proficiency test as an Ohio secondary school graduation requirement for African-American students;〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher=Ohio Department of Education, on-line reprint(s) )〕 the subsequent federal court settlement agreement(s) left the 9th grade secondary school graduation requirement intact and unchanged in 1994 and subsequently.〔 Prior to mandatory busing, Cleveland Public Schools graduation rate was 75 percent, by 1996 it had dropped to 26.6 percent.〔 Although mandatory busing ended in the 1990s, Cleveland continued to slide into poverty, reaching a nadir in 2004 when it was named the poorest major city in the United States.〔The Associated Press. ("Cleveland rated poorest big city in U.S." ) September 23, 2004. Retrieved from MSNBC on 2007-08-01.〕 Cleveland was again rated the poorest major city in the U.S. in 2006, with a poverty rate of 32.4%.〔Diane Suchetka and Barb Galbincea. "Cleveland Rated Poorest City for Second Time". The Plain Dealer. (2006-08-30) Available at . Retrieved on 2007-08-01.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cleveland Metropolitan School District」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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